America: Charlotte (Free Quest) is the best AP-saving & time-saving location to farm Void's Dust. You'll get around 6x Void's Dust by spending 200 AP.
Fuyuki (Singularity F): Unknown Coordinates (X-F) is the first location you unlock to farm Void's Dust.
Shadow Servants drops Void's Dust. So you can get Void's Dust from Daily Quests as well.
Here is a list of servants that need Void's Dust to perform Ascension and Skill Up.
Rashoumon event (Ibaraki Douji event)
Murder at the Kogetsukan
Inheritance of Glory
FGO Reroll Tier List [5/11 updated!]
Shining Gem of Killing
Altria Pendragon (Lancer Alter)
Saint George
Osakabehime
Ereshkigal
Arthur Pendragon(Prototype)
Gorgon
Black Holy Grail (The Black Grail)